Organelles+Info+-+Period+8

Organelles
Period 8


 * Nucleus - Brittany **
 * structure
 * The Nucleus contains Nucleoli, which play an important role in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein.
 * Usually a cell contains one nucleus, however in some occasions the Nucleus divides.
 * membrane/no membrane?
 * Yes…
 * Separated from the rest of the cell by a double layer of nuclear membrane.
 * what is it responsible for in the cell/organism?
 * Controls the activity of the cell, for example metabolism and growth.
 * In addition, it carries genes, which contains the hereditary information.
 * location
 * The Nucleus is located in the center of the cell.
 * what parts of cells?
 * Present in all most all cells except for bacteria and blue-green algae.



The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively-permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer, consisting of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads with embedded proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment surface for the extracellular glycocalyx and cell wall and intracellular cytoskeleton.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Nuclear Envelope/Membrane - Paige **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The materials in a cell wall vary between species, and in plants and fungi also differ between cell types and developmental stages. In plants, the strongest component of the complex cell wall is a carbohydrate called cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of silicic acid. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Chromatin - Alex C. **
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Structure: the chromatin structure looks like a pearl necklace twisted into a spiral when the chromatin is less condensed. When it is condensed it looks like a spiral.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromatin does not have a membrane
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The Chromatin loop sizes vary widely.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The functions of chromatin are very wide and diverse. Chromatin is all the genetic makeup of DNA. It contains genetic expression, cell division and inheritance possible.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromatin packs DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, and strengthens the DNA to allow meiosis and mitosis.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromatin is in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> It is a single piece of coiled DNA. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> It contain s many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> They also contain DNA-bound proteins, which package the DNA and controls it functions. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Chromosomes - Kyra **

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Nucleolus - Ryan C. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A knot of chromatin
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Has no membrane and resides within the nuclear matrix
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">DNA is looped around histone proteins
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Found with in the nucleus along with chromatin
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromatin is DNA in its active form
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The job of the nucleolus is to manufacture ribosomes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The size of the nucleolus is considerable, sometimes occupying as much as 25 percent of the total volume of the nucleus.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">All eukaryotic cells have a nucleolus because they have a nucleus

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A ribosome is composed of two parts known as the large and small subunits. Each of these is a combination of protein and a type of RNA known as rRNA. The completed ribosome has niches that hold up to three tRNAs at a time. Ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles. Ribosomes are really small because they are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They assemble amino acids into proteins. In the cytoplasm, the two subunits of ribosome’s bind around the mRNA polymers and synthesize proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA), as per the genetic code. The process is called protein synthesis and is one of the ribosome’s responsibilities. As protein is made it passes through a hole in the large sub-unit. The exact way the ribosome works is not understood. A cell cannot function without ribosomes because of this responsibility. They are found in Eukaryotic cells and they are located on top of the rough ER. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Ribosomes - Amanda **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Cytoplasm - Matt **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">is a region of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">consists of many organelles suspended in a fluid
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">organelles membranes prevent cytoplasm from entering the organelle
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">substance that fills the cell

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected. The membrane forms a single sheet enclosing a single closed sac. It takes up 10% of the total cell volume. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles. There are two regions of the ER that differ in both structure and function. One region is called rough ER because it has [|ribosomes] attached to the cytoplasm side of the membrane. The other region is called smooth ER because it lacks attached ribosomes. Typically, the smooth ER is a tubule network and the rough ER is a series of flattened sacs.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Dan F. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Structure <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Membrane/no membrane? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Size <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Function <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">What does it do? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">What is it responsible for in the cell/organism? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Location <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">What cells? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">What parts of cells? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Any other information you find
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Rough ER - Kalyn **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The ER contains a great amount of folds - but the membrane forms a single sheet enclosing a single closed sac.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Has a membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">10% of the total cell volume.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Production and processing of specific proteins at ribosomal sites that are later exported. The ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum do their job and create proteins which are then sent in to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for advanced processing. It creates a network of membranes found through the whole cell. The ER may also look different from cell to cell, depending on the cell's function.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">This bilipid membrane controls the transport of molecules between cytoplasm and lumen
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">It is like a molecular pipeline, which connects the nucleus with cytoplasm. This network transports molecules inside the cell as well as outside. There are two types of proteins that are found in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are the ones that are transported through it and the resident proteins that are required for the functioning of the reticulum.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">organelle inside of a cell
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">eukaryotic
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">It is part of the endoplasmic reticulum and the rough ER is the part with the ribosomes attached to it thus the name rough
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The RER is rough, which is coated with ribosomes, Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein destined for the secretory pathway


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Smooth ER - Bjorn **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Lacks the ribosomes that cover the rough ER
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">many enzymes are built in the Smooth ER


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Golgi - Ryan L. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">**Vacuoles - Ryan M**. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">term means "empty space"
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Plant cells use their vacuoles for transport and storing nutrients, metabolites, and waste products
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Is also used to store food, enzymes, and other materials used by a cell
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A plant cell has a single large vacuole that stores water and other substances

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Lysosome - Alex M. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Lysosomes are common in animal cells but rare in plant cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">In white blood cells that eat bacteria
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Lysosomes is used to digest food and kill bacteria
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Found in all eukarotic cells as a “garbage can”
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The length of one Lysosome is about 0.1 to 1.2μm
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">A Lysosome is a membrane sac of enzymes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">They fuse with incoming food vacuoles and expose the nutrients to enzymes.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Greek for lysosomes is ‘lysis' which means destruction or dissolution and 'soma' which means 'body'

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Mitochondria - Ericca **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">contains a double membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">most important function is to produce energy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">they act like a digestive system that takes in nutrietns, breaks them down and creates energy for the cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">"Powerhouse" of the cell
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Located in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">found in both animal and plant cells


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Plastids - Katie O. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Plastids are large organelles which are found mainly on plant cells and sometimes protists but never in animal or fungi cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">are similar to entire prokaryotic organisms. They contin their own DNA and can replicate themselves.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">have an outer membrane tha separates them from the cytoplasm
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Contain a highly folded inner membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">contain chromoplasts, leucoplasts, and chloroplasts
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chloroplasts - Cassie **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">STRUCTURE: Chloroplasts are double membrane bound organelles. The area between the outer membrane and the inner membraneis called the stroma. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">MEMBRANE/NO MEMBRANE: membrane <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">SIZE: 200-400 nm. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">FUNCTION: The outermost membrane of the chloroplast contain porins which absorb sunlight. They also contain small molecules that can transport sun's energy. The inner membrane or the stroma traps the sun's energy in them. The stroma contains a number of metabolic enzymes, which are responsible for converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates during the process of photosynthesis. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">WHAT DOES IT DO: absorb energy, split water and release oxygen <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">WHAT IS IT FOR: for plants to absorb energy because plants need energy and water <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">LOCATION: In plants <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">WHAT CELLS: Plant cells <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">WHAT PART OF CELLS: Chlorophyll

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Leucoplasts - Vivienne **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Structure: Colorless plastids in autotrophs which store starch, proteins, and lipids
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Membrane: Has no membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Size: In general, leucoplasts are much smaller than chloroplasts
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">More info: Lacking pigments
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Function: Leucoplasts do not have a major storage function and are present to provide a wide range of essential biosynthetic functions, including the synthesis of fatty acids and many amino acids
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Location: In roots and non-photosynthetic tissues of plants; clustered around the nucleus with stromules extending to the cell periphery
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Extra info: Extensive networks of stromules interconnecting leucoplasts have been observed in epidermal cells of roots, hypocotyls, and petals, and in callus and suspension culture cells of tobacco

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromoplasts - Tyler **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Located throughout plant cells and animal cells.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Are responsible for pigment synthesis and storage.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">It stores orange, yellow, and various other red pigments.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Chromoplasts are found in many colored plants and fruits


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Cytoplasm - Dylan **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Is the substance that fills the cell
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Is a jelly-like material that is 80% water and usually clear
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">If is more like a viscous (think) gel than a watery substance but liquefies when shaken or stirred
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Thick clear liquid residing between the cell membrane holding organelles


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Microtubules - Lorenzo **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Different kinds of fiber that make up the cytoskeleton. Strait, hollow tubes of proteins that give rigidity, shape, and organization to cell are called microtubules. As protein subunits are added or subtracted from the microtubules, these structures lengthen or shorten. One function of microtubules is to provide “tracks” along which other organelles can move. For example, a lysosome might reach a food vacuole by moving by moving along a microtubules. Tubulin is the basic structural unit of microtubules. GTP must be bound to both a and b subunits for a tubulin heterodimer to associate with other heterodimers to form a protofilament or microtubule.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- There are 2 different types of structures, bundles, and networks. The bundles can be composed of polar or non-polar arrays of filaments. They are important for the cytoskeleton and microtubes. Microfilaments are solid rods made of a protein called actin. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- No membrane. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- The network of filaments is 6 nanometers in diameter (anywhere from 5 to 9 nanometers), and the base filament is composed of a protein called actin that weighs 42 kilodaltons. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- They help generate the force used in cellular contraction, and basic cell movements. The filaments also help diving a cell into 2 and are involved in amoeboid movements of certain cells. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- Location: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Microfilaments - Katie **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- In animal cells and plant cells <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">- In the cell it’s found in cytoskeleton.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Cilia are slender hairlike organelles that protrude from the larger cell body. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and non-motile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. In eukaryotes, cilia and the flagella form together to make up organelles known as undulipodia. Eukaryotic cilia are structurally the same to Eukaryotic flagella, but are sometimes different in function and length. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Cilia - Frank **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Flagella - Alexa **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· Long & thread-like & hair-like (structure) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· provide some live single cells with the ability to move, motility. (function) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· Is in bacteria & it can have either single flagellum or multiple. (size) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· Enables bacteria to swim (function) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes have different flagella (other) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· No cell membrane <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">· Examples of things with flagella in it are : <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Sperm cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Animal cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Algae
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Protests

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Structure- Centrioles are a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. A cell has two centrioles that are positioned at right angles. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Membrane- Centrioles have no membrane. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Size- each centriole is about 500nm in length. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Function- In cell division the centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. It also acts as an organization center for microtubules. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Location- is found close together within the cell but during cell division it moves to each end of the nucleus. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> What type of cell- It is found in only eukaryotic animal cells.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Centrioles -Dan W. **

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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> Cytoskeleton - Mr. Will Example **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Cellular Scaffolding within the cytoplasm that is made of proteins
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Present in all cells - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Plays a role in cellular transport and cell division
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Provides the cell with structure and shape
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Interact extensively with cellular membranes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Three main types of cytoskeletal filaments in Eukaryotic Cells
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Microfilaments
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Intermediate Filaments
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Microtubules